Best Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs in Idaho, Ranked (2026)
The 1 currently APA-accredited clinical psychology doctoral program in Idaho for 2026 plus 2 new PsyDs launching, with cohort sizes, the 3,500 supervised hours (2,000 internship + 1,500 post-doctoral), EPPP plus the Idaho Jurisprudence Examination, and Idaho's status as the 5TH STATE in the nation to enact psychologist prescriptive authority (2017).
Key Takeaways
- Idaho has only 1 currently APA-accredited doctoral psychology program: Idaho State University Clinical Psychology PhD (Pocatello), APA-accredited since 2001. Two new doctoral programs are launching: ISU Clinical PsyD (Meridian) opens Fall 2026 with 6 students in first cohort; University of Idaho PsyD (Moscow) launched recently. Neither new PsyD is yet APA-accredited (new programs cannot be fully accredited until the first cohort completes the program).
- ISU Clinical PhD admits ~6 to 8 positions annually from 100 to 150 applications (acceptance rate ~5 to 8%). 100% of internship applicants matched to APA-approved APPIC sites in the last decade; 96% of graduates from the past decade achieved professional licensure. 5+ years on campus + 1-year predoctoral internship. ISU Psychology Clinic provides training plus externship placements with Idaho Psychology Internship Consortium (Idaho-PIC) sites.
- Idaho licenses psychologists through the Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Board of Psychologist Examiners. Required supervised experience is 2 years of supervised professional experience totaling at least 2,000 hours: minimum 1,500 hours pre-doctoral internship + at least 1,000 hours post-doctoral supervised experience. Supervision ratio 1 hour per 20 hours service delivery.
- Exam sequence is the EPPP (passing scaled score 450 or higher, lower than the 500 standard used by many states; $600 ASPPB) plus the Idaho Jurisprudence Examination.
- Fees: Post-July 2025 fees reduced dramatically: $35 application + $35 initial license + $35 renewal (reduced from $200 / $800 / $850). Transitioning to biennial renewal as of July 1, 2025; license fee doubles to cover both years under the 2-year cycle.
- IDAHO WAS THE FIFTH STATE IN THE NATION TO ENACT PSYCHOLOGIST PRESCRIPTIVE AUTHORITY. Senate Bill 1352 signed March 27, 2017 by Governor C. L. "Butch" Otter; effective July 1, 2017. Codified at Idaho Code Title 54, Chapter 23, §§ 54-2316 (Prescriptive Authority) and 54-2317 (Provisional Certification). Sequence of US states: New Mexico (2002), Louisiana (2004), Illinois (2014), Iowa (2016), Idaho (2017).
- Idaho Prescribing Psychologist requirements: postdoctoral Master of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology from an APA-designated training program; supervised practicum in clinical assessment and pathophysiology; Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists (PEP) administered by ASPPB; two-year provisional certificate prescribing under mandatory supervision of an MD before independent prescribing authority. ISU's MSCP program in the L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy is the only APA-designated psychopharmacology program operating entirely within a college of pharmacy in the United States.
- Idaho is a PSYPACT operational state since July 1, 2022 (SB 1305 signed March 22, 2022 by Gov. Brad Little). Idaho Code § 54-2321. ID LPs holding APIT and/or TAP can practice telepsychology across all 40+ PSYPACT member states.
Idaho runs one of the smallest APA-accredited doctoral psychology training landscapes in the United States: only 1 currently APA-accredited program (ISU Clinical PhD, Pocatello), plus 2 new PsyDs launching that are not yet APA-accredited. The state's most distinctive feature is being the 5th US state to enact psychologist prescriptive authority (2017).
Idaho State University (ISU, Pocatello) Clinical Psychology PhD has been APA-accredited since 2001. Department of Psychology, 1400 E. Terry Drive, Building 63, Pocatello, ID 83209. Scientist-practitioner model. PhD students earn MS along the way (MS-PhD integrated). ~5 years on-campus full-time student coursework, research, practica/professional training (usually less if entering with psychology MS/MA degree); 5 to 7 years total including internship. ~6 to 8 admits per year from 100 to 150 applications (~5 to 8% acceptance rate). Tuition FY 2026: $4,486/semester in-state + $1,334 mandatory consolidated fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester. All students receive non-resident tuition waivers via ISU Graduate School or the Western Regional Graduate Program (WRGP). Graduate Assistantships require up to 20 hours per week and pay a generous stipend along with a tuition waiver. In the last decade, 100% of internship applicants matched to APA-approved APPIC internship sites with most receiving one of their top three; 96% of graduates from the past decade have achieved professional licensure. Faculty strengths: cognitive-behavioral therapy, health psychology, rural mental health service delivery. Affiliations: ISU Psychology Clinic, ISU Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology (the FIRST and ONLY APA-designated MSCP program housed in a college of pharmacy in the US).
NEW PROGRAMS (not yet APA-accredited): (1) ISU Doctorate of Psychology (PsyD) in Clinical Psychology (Meridian): 104 credit hours; 5 years (including 1-year pre-doctoral internship); first cohort starts Fall 2026 with 6 students; application deadline March 1, 2026. Focus on integrated behavioral health and tele-health delivery, serving rural and underserved communities. Same FY 2026 tuition as PhD ($4,486 + $1,334 fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester). Sam and Aline Skaggs Health Science Center, 1311 E. Central Drive, Meridian, ID. The program is preparing for APA accreditation and is approved by the Idaho State Board of Education; new doctoral programs cannot be fully accredited by APA until the first cohort of students complete the program. (2) University of Idaho PsyD in Clinical Psychology (Moscow): 5 years (4 years classroom + 1-year internship). School of Health and Medical Professions (SHAMP). Rigorous training in assessment and therapy across the lifespan with supervised clinical rotations serving urban and rural communities. Not currently APA-accredited; will apply for APA accreditation after two student cohorts are enrolled on campus.
The Idaho DOPL Board of Psychologist Examiners licensure path requires a PhD or PsyD in psychology from an accredited institution, 2 years of supervised professional experience totaling at least 2,000 hours (minimum 1,500 hours pre-doctoral internship + at least 1,000 hours post-doctoral; supervision ratio 1 hour per 20 hours service delivery), the EPPP (passing scaled score 450 or higher, lower than the 500 standard used by many states), and the Idaho Jurisprudence Examination. Post-July 2025 fees reduced dramatically: $35 application + $35 initial license + $35 renewal. Transitioning to biennial renewal as of July 1, 2025; renewal fee doubles to cover 2 years under the new cycle. Total timeline from start of bachelor's through full licensure typically runs 6 to 8 years.
The single most distinctive feature of Idaho's psychology landscape is the IDAHO PRESCRIBING PSYCHOLOGIST CREDENTIAL. Idaho was the FIFTH state in the nation to enact psychologist prescriptive authority. Senate Bill 1352 was signed by Governor C. L. "Butch" Otter on March 27, 2017; effective July 1, 2017. Codified at Idaho Code §§ 54-2316 (Prescriptive Authority) and 54-2317 (Provisional Certification). Administered by the Idaho Board of Psychologist Examiners with an advisory board consisting of a psychiatrist, child psychiatrist, pharmacist, and two psychologists. Requirements: (1) postdoctoral Master of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology from an APA-designated training program; (2) supervised practicum in clinical assessment and pathophysiology; (3) Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists (PEP) administered by ASPPB; (4) two-year provisional certificate prescribing under mandatory supervision of an MD before independent prescribing authority. Policy context per APA: "Wait times to see a psychiatrist in northern Idaho can be as long as a year, and are often two to three months in the Boise area." ISU's Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology in the L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy is the 4th APA-designated MSCP program nationally and the ONLY one operating entirely within a college of pharmacy, making ISU a uniquely integrated pipeline for both the doctoral degree (Clinical PhD) and the prescribing psychologist credential (MSCP).
Idaho is a PSYPACT operational state since July 1, 2022 (SB 1305 signed March 22, 2022 by Gov. Brad Little; Idaho Code § 54-2321). ID LPs can practice telepsychology and temporary face-to-face services across 40+ PSYPACT member states. BLS Idaho May 2024: only 190 Clinical and Counseling Psychologists employed statewide (median hourly $36.72, annual $76,380); the small workforce was a key policy driver for prescriptive authority.
APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs in Idaho
All 3 programs ranked in this guide, with tuition, format, and accreditation at a glance.
| # | School | In-State Tuition | Format | Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Idaho State University (ISU Clinical PhD) | $4,486/semester in-state + $1,334 fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester (FY 2026). All students receive non-resident tuition waivers via ISU Graduate School or WRGP. Graduate assistantships (up to 20 hours/week) provide stipend + tuition waiver | On-campus | |
| 2 | Idaho State University (ISU Clinical PsyD - Meridian, launching Fall 2026, NOT YET APA-accredited) | $4,486/semester in-state + $1,334 fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester (FY 2026) | On-campus | |
| 3 | University of Idaho (PsyD - Moscow, NOT YET APA-accredited) | U of I graduate rates; verify with SHAMP for PsyD-specific cost | On-campus |
Idaho State University (ISU Clinical PhD)
In-State
$4,486/semester in-state + $1,334 fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester (FY 2026). All students receive non-resident tuition waivers via ISU Graduate School or WRGP. Graduate assistantships (up to 20 hours/week) provide stipend + tuition waiver
Out-of-State
Non-resident tuition waived via ISU Graduate School or Western Regional Graduate Program (WRGP)
Length
5 years on-campus (less if entering with psychology MS/MA) + 1-year predoctoral internship; 5 to 7 years total
Field Hours
1,500+ on the APA-accredited internship plus practicum at ISU Psychology Clinic; clinical externship rates typically $17-$22/hour
Concentrations
- APA-accredited continuously since 2001
- ~6 to 8 admits per year from 100 to 150 applications (~5 to 8% acceptance rate)
- 100% of internship applicants matched to APA-approved APPIC sites in the last decade; most receive one of top three
- 96% of graduates from the past decade have achieved professional licensure
- Affiliations with ISU Psychology Clinic and ISU Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology (the only APA-designated MSCP program in a US college of pharmacy)
Idaho State University (ISU Clinical PsyD - Meridian, launching Fall 2026, NOT YET APA-accredited)
In-State
$4,486/semester in-state + $1,334 fees + $5,000 professional fee per semester (FY 2026)
Out-of-State
Non-resident tuition waived via ISU/WRGP
Length
5 years (104 credit hours; includes 1-year pre-doctoral internship)
Field Hours
2,000 on the pre-doctoral internship plus practicum
Concentrations
- First cohort starts Fall 2026 with 6 students
- Application deadline March 1, 2026
- NOT YET APA-accredited; preparing for APA accreditation
- 104 credit hours over 5 years (including 1-year pre-doctoral internship)
- Focus on Integrated Behavioral Health, tele-health delivery, rural and underserved communities
University of Idaho (PsyD - Moscow, NOT YET APA-accredited)
In-State
U of I graduate rates; verify with SHAMP for PsyD-specific cost
Out-of-State
U of I non-resident rates
Length
5 years (4 years classroom instruction + 1-year internship)
Field Hours
2,000 on the pre-doctoral internship plus practicum
Concentrations
- NOT YET APA-accredited; will apply for APA accreditation after two student cohorts are enrolled on campus
- 5 years total (4 years classroom + 1-year internship)
- Part of University of Idaho School of Health and Medical Professions (SHAMP)
- Supervised clinical rotations across urban and rural Idaho communities
- Rigorous training in assessment and therapy across the lifespan
How to Become a Licensed (and Prescribing) Psychologist in Idaho
The licensing board, exam pathway, and supervised hours you'll need to practice independently.
Licensing Board
Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Board of Psychologist Examiners
(208) 334-3233
Idaho regulates psychologists through the Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Board of Psychologist Examiners.
Standard Licensed Psychologist requirements: PhD or PsyD in psychology from an accredited institution. 2 years of supervised professional experience totaling at least 2,000 hours: minimum 1,500 hours pre-doctoral internship (typically 1 year full-time in an organized training program) + at least 1,000 hours post-doctoral supervised experience under a licensed psychologist (some sources cite 1,500 postdoc with 750 direct client services). Supervision ratio 1 hour per 20 hours service delivery. EPPP (passing scaled score 450 or higher, lower than the 500 standard; $600 ASPPB). Idaho Jurisprudence Examination.
Fees: Post-July 2025 reductions: $35 application + $35 initial license + $35 renewal (reduced from $200 / $800 / $850). Transitioning to biennial renewal as of July 1, 2025; renewal fee doubles to cover 2 years under the new cycle. Total timeline runs 6 to 8 years post-bachelor's.
Idaho Prescribing Psychologist credential (Idaho Code §§ 54-2316, 54-2317): Idaho was the 5th US state to enact psychologist prescriptive authority via SB 1352, signed March 27, 2017 by Gov. C. L. "Butch" Otter, effective July 1, 2017. Requirements: (1) postdoctoral Master of Science in Clinical Psychopharmacology from an APA-designated program (ISU's MSCP at the L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy is the only APA-designated MSCP in a US college of pharmacy); (2) supervised practicum in clinical assessment and pathophysiology; (3) Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists (PEP) administered by ASPPB; (4) two-year provisional certificate prescribing under mandatory supervision of an MD before independent prescribing authority.
Supervised pre-doctoral internship (min 1,500 hours)
Supervised practice during the doctoral program under faculty and site supervision; not a separate Board credential
Hours
N/A
Duration
Associate
Exam: Not applicable
Licensed Psychologist
Independent practice, mental health diagnosis and treatment, psychological testing and assessment, supervision of trainees, expert testimony, telepsychology under PSYPACT for ID LPs holding APIT/TAP
Hours
2,500
Duration
2 years total: 1,500+ hours pre-doctoral internship + 1,000+ hours post-doctoral supervised experience; 1:20 supervision ratio
Exam: EPPP (passing scaled score 450 or higher; lower than the 500 standard) + Idaho Jurisprudence Examination
Provisional Prescribing Psychologist (Idaho Code § 54-2317)
Prescribe under mandatory supervision of an MD for 2 years
Hours
2,500
Duration
2 years of supervised prescribing under MD
Exam: EPPP + Jurisprudence + Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists (PEP) administered by ASPPB
Prescribing Psychologist (Idaho Code § 54-2316)
Independent prescriptive authority for psychotropic medications for mental health disorders after successful completion of 2-year provisional period
Hours
2,500
Duration
Provisional period (2 years) + Board review
Exam: EPPP + Jurisprudence + PEP (already completed for provisional)
Idaho does not offer automatic reciprocity. Out-of-state applicants must complete the Idaho Jurisprudence Examination.
Idaho is a PSYPACT operational state since July 1, 2022 (SB 1305 signed March 22, 2022 by Gov. Brad Little; Idaho Code § 54-2321). ID LPs holding the Authority to Practice Interjurisdictional Telepsychology (APIT) and/or Temporary Authorization to Practice (TAP) can practice telepsychology and temporary face-to-face services across all 40+ PSYPACT member states.
Clinical Psychologist Salary in Idaho
BLS state median wages by counseling specialty, with national comparison and top-paying metros.
Idaho psychologist wages run below national medians. BLS Idaho OEWS May 2024: Clinical and Counseling Psychologists (SOC 19-3033) state employment 190, median hourly $36.72 = annual median $76,380; 10th percentile $52,540, 90th percentile $96,750. National median for SOC 19-3033 is $96,100. Idaho cost of living runs below national average. Prescribing Psychologists earn higher than standard LPs due to expanded scope.
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists (SOC 19-3033)
National median: $96,100
Top metro: Boise City MSA overall mean hourly $29.65 (vs national $32.66); verify SOC 19-3033 metro at oes_14260.htm (Boise City-Nampa, Idaho Falls, Coeur d'Alene)
School Psychologists (SOC 19-3034)
National median: $86,930
Top metro: Verify with BLS (West Ada (largest), Boise School District, Idaho Falls, Coeur d'Alene, Pocatello-Chubbuck)
Prescribing Psychologists (ID)
National median: No national equivalent (NM + LA + IL + IA + ID only)
Top metro: Verify with Idaho Board (Boise (largest concentration))
Idaho Clinical Psychology Job Market and Top Employers
Major employers, mental health shortage context, and loan repayment programs that erase debt for service.
Idaho has a small but rapidly growing psychology employment market driven by St. Luke's Health System in Boise, Kootenai Health in Coeur d'Alene, and the state's severe psychiatric access shortages (the policy driver for prescriptive authority in 2017). Major employers fall into five buckets.
Health systems: St. Luke's Health System (Boise), Idaho's largest health system; Behavioral Health locations include 1109 W Myrtle Street, Suite 200, Boise; St. Luke's Children's Neuro and Behavioral Psychology; NHSC member with sliding-fee. Saint Alphonsus Health System (Boise; Trinity Health affiliate). Kootenai Health (Coeur d'Alene). Intermountain Health (Idaho Falls; extending into ID from Utah base). Madison Memorial Hospital (Rexburg). Bingham Memorial Hospital (Blackfoot).
State psychiatric facilities (Idaho Department of Health and Welfare): State Hospital South (Blackfoot), psychiatric inpatient treatment and skilled nursing care for Idaho's adult and adolescent citizens with the most serious and persistent mental illnesses; 90 psychiatric adult beds, 29 skilled nursing beds, and 16 beds for adolescents; interdisciplinary team including psychologists. State Hospital North (Orofino), 300 Hospital Drive; serves north central Idaho. State Hospital West (Nampa), newer addition to state system. Idaho Department of Health and Welfare employs psychologists at state hospitals and regional behavioral health programs.
VA: Boise VA Medical Center, APA-accredited doctoral internship (3 General Track positions + 1 Neuropsychology Track) and APA-accredited postdoctoral fellowship (2 PCMHI + 1 Dual Diagnosis SUD/PTSD). Staff Psychologist hiring requires APA/CPA/PCSAS doctorate + state license + US citizenship. EDRP-eligible.
K-12 school districts: West Ada School District (Meridian area; the largest in Idaho), Boise School District, Idaho Falls School District, Coeur d'Alene School District, and Pocatello-Chubbuck School District.
Idaho Psychology Internship Consortium (Idaho-PIC): Statewide APA-accredited internship consortium incorporating multiple sites including State Hospital South.
Loan Repayment & Scholarship Programs
Idaho State Loan Repayment Program (SLRP): Administered by Idaho Department of Health and Welfare. Multi-discipline state-based loan repayment for nurses, clinicians, and physicians working in federally-designated HPSAs. Behavioral health disciplines (including psychologists) eligible for up to $50,000 for a 2-year service obligation; optional 6-month extension up to $25,000. $1-to-$1 match from federal grant and healthcare site. Participating sites must implement sliding fee scale and accept Medicare/Medicaid. Next cycle: SLRP application and guidance anticipated to be released September 2026.
NHSC Loan Repayment Program: Federal program. Health Service Psychologists at HPSA sites eligible.
VA Education Debt Reduction Program (EDRP): Boise VA Medical Center Staff Psychologist positions eligible for EDRP; student loan payment reimbursement program with awards up to $200,000 over 5 years. Must submit application within 4 months of appointment.
Federal Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF): Standard PSLF eligibility for psychologists employed at qualifying public/501(c)(3) employers; 120 qualifying payments while working full-time.
Idaho Prescribing Psychologist pathway: Beyond standard loan repayment, the Idaho Prescribing Psychologist credential (1 of only 5 states with enacted prescriptive authority) opens a higher-earning specialty pathway. ISU's MSCP program in the L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy is the only APA-designated MSCP in a US college of pharmacy.
How to Choose a Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program in Idaho
Decision factors that actually matter, not generic checklist filler.
Choosing an Idaho clinical psychology doctoral program is straightforward given only 1 currently APA-accredited program plus 2 new PsyDs launching that are not yet accredited. The bigger choice is whether to pursue the Idaho Prescribing Psychologist post-doctoral pathway after licensure. Here is how to actually narrow it down.
If you want the only currently APA-accredited doctoral program in Idaho: Idaho State University Clinical PhD (Pocatello, APA-accredited since 2001, ~6-8 admits per year, 5-7 years total, 100% APA/APPIC internship match in last decade, 96% licensure rate, full tuition waiver via ISU/WRGP + assistantship stipend, scientist-practitioner with CBT/health/rural focus).
If you want a new PsyD with focus on Integrated Behavioral Health and tele-health: ISU Clinical PsyD (Meridian) launches Fall 2026 with 6 students in first cohort. NOT YET APA-accredited (preparing for accreditation). Application deadline March 1, 2026. 104 credit hours over 5 years.
If you want a new PsyD in northern Idaho: University of Idaho PsyD (Moscow). NOT YET APA-accredited (will apply after two cohorts enroll). 5 years (4 years classroom + 1-year internship).
If you want prescriptive authority (the Idaho Prescribing Psychologist pathway): Idaho was the 5th US state to enact psychologist prescriptive authority (SB 1352 signed March 27, 2017; effective July 1, 2017; Idaho Code §§ 54-2316, 54-2317). After your APA-accredited doctorate and LP licensure, complete a postdoctoral MS in Clinical Psychopharmacology (ISU's MSCP at L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy is the ONLY APA-designated MSCP in a US college of pharmacy) + PEP exam + 2 years provisional prescribing under MD supervision before independent prescribing.
If you want zero GRE friction: Verify GRE policy directly with ISU Clinical PhD; ISU's Experimental PhD explicitly waives GRE. New PsyDs at ISU Meridian and U of Idaho Moscow do not require GRE for 2026 cycle.
If you want PSYPACT mobility: Idaho is a PSYPACT operational state since July 1, 2022 (SB 1305 signed March 22, 2022 by Gov. Brad Little; Idaho Code § 54-2321). ID LPs holding APIT/TAP can practice telepsychology across 40+ PSYPACT jurisdictions.
If you want reduced licensing fees: Idaho dramatically reduced psychology license fees post-July 2025: $35 application + $35 initial license + $35 renewal (reduced from $200 / $800 / $850). Transitioning to biennial renewal.
If you want rural mental health emphasis: All 3 Idaho doctoral psych programs (ISU PhD, ISU PsyD, U of I PsyD) emphasize rural mental health service delivery. Boise VA, State Hospital South (Blackfoot), State Hospital North (Orofino), and Idaho-PIC consortium provide statewide training placements.
Caveats worth knowing before applying: Idaho currently has only 1 APA-accredited doctoral psychology program (the smallest training pipeline among the prescriptive-authority states). Two new programs are launching but cannot apply for APA accreditation until first cohort completes (ISU PsyD) or two cohorts enroll (U of I PsyD). Idaho uses a lower EPPP passing score of 450 instead of the 500 standard used by many states. Boise State University does NOT offer an APA-accredited doctoral psychology program. ISU offers a CACREP-accredited PhD in Counselor Education and Counseling that is NOT APA Counseling Psychology.
Related Pages
Counseling Programs in Idaho
CACREP-accredited counseling programs and the Idaho LCPC license, a master's alternative to the 7-year clinical psychology doctorate
MSW Programs in Idaho
CSWE-accredited social work programs and Idaho LCSW licensure
ABA Programs in Idaho
BACB-verified course sequences and Idaho BCBA practice for students considering applied behavior analysis
Clinical Psychology Doctoral Programs by State
Browse APA-accredited clinical psychology doctoral programs (PhD and PsyD) in every state
Sources
- APA Commission on Accreditation, Accredited Programs Directory
- Idaho DOPL Board of Psychologist Examiners
- Idaho Code § 54-2316 (Prescriptive Authority)
- Idaho Code § 54-2317 (Provisional Certification)
- PSYPACT, Compact Map
- APA Monitor: Idaho becomes fifth state to allow psychologists to prescribe (2017)
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS Idaho Estimates
- Idaho DHW Loan Repayment and Grants
- NHSC Loan Repayment Program
- ISU Clinical Psychology PhD
- ISU PsyD Program (launching Fall 2026)
- University of Idaho PsyD (not yet APA-accredited)
- ISU MSCP Program (APA-designated clinical psychopharmacology)